A major upgrade to Windows 3.0, introduced in 1992. It added support for multimedia, TrueType fonts, compound documents (OLE) and drag & drop and also provided a more stable environment. Windows 3.1 ran 16-bit Windows and DOS applications but was unable to run subsequent 32-bit Windows programs written for Windows 95 and beyond. Within the same year of introduction, Windows 3.1 evolved into Windows for Workgroups 3.11, which added peer-to-peer networking and which was the last 16-bit Windows operating system.

After 32-bit Windows 95 was released, many 16-bit Windows 3.1 applications continued to run smoothly under Windows 95 and subsequent versions (98, NT, etc.). However, although 32-bit supports long file names, Windows 3.1 applications support only the 8.3 naming convention in which file names cannot contain more than eight characters.

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